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Saint Raymond of Piacenza (1139/40 – 26 July 1200), called the Palmer or Zanfogni,〔In Latin his name was ''Raymundus Palmerius'', in Italian ''Raimondo Palmerio''.〕 was a Catholic pilgrim and religious who practiced charity to the poor and ill. Raymond's nickname, "the Palmer", derives from his pilgrimage to Jerusalem, from which he brought back the customary palm frond.〔Rufinus, ''Life'', 17, reports that some thought "Palmer" to be a family name, but that he has found no evidence of such.〕 Such a pilgrim was called a ''Palmarius'' or ''Palmerius'' ((イタリア語:Palmario'' or ''Palmerio)). His feast day is 26 July.〔Holböck, 171, gives 27 July as his date of death and remembrance.〕 Raymond's life is known from a Latin ''vita'' written in 1212, only twelve years after his death, by a certain Rufinus,〔Rufinus, or Rufino, was a canon regular at Piacenza and a master, meaning that he was "likely to have been educated in theology or canon law" (Wolf, note 6; cf. Vauchez 1993, 56).〕 at the instigation of Raymond's son Gerard. This was kept in the library of San Raimondo di Piacenza, a Cistercian convent, until 1525, when it was lent out to a Dominican friar to be translated into Italian. It was never seen again. The Bollandist Peter van der Bosch translated the Italian back into Latin for the ''Acta Sanctorum'' (July, vol. VI, col. 645–57). This version has been translated into English by Kenneth Baxter Wolf. ==Childhood and married life== Raymond was born at Piacenza to parents "neither illustrious in origin nor completely lowborn", i.e., of the burgeoning middle class.〔''Life'', 5. Vauchez 1993, 59, quotes the Latin: ''parentes habuit ne illustres nec viles admodum, sed cives privatos eosque, si rem spectes domesticam, nec pauperes nec opulentos'' ("He had parents who were neither illustrious in origin nor completely lowborn. They were private citizens who were neither rich nor poor, if you consider domestic matters").〕 He was raised by his mother until about the age of twelve, and never received a thorough education, being still "unlettered" at his death.〔''Life'', 4.〕 At about twelve he was sent by his father to learn the family trade of shoemaking at a certain workshop.〔''Life'', 6.〕 His father died when he was an adolescent (his biographer presumes that to be fourteen),〔Both Vauchez, 61, and Holböck, 171, take him to have been fifteen.〕 and after receiving the permission of Bishop Hugh (1155–66), Raymond and his mother went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.〔''Life'', 9, and note 10.〕 Raymond was ill for much of the journey and almost died on the return trip by sea.〔''Life'', 13.〕 Raymond's mother died soon after their return to Italy but before they reached Piacenza. At Piacenza Raymond's relatives persuaded him to marry, which he did, and he returned to shoemaking to support his family.〔''Life'', 18. His wife he "instructed like a sister, loved like a sister, and venerated like a mother".〕 In his leisure hours, his biographer writes, he conversed with religious men and became wise enough to preach, on holidays, in houses and workshops. His fame soon grew and people flocked to hear him. His biographer refers to him as their "spiritual leader", though he notes that Raymond refused to contravene canon law by preaching publicly.〔''Life'', 20.〕 Instead, he urged those of his listeners who wanted more to speak with a priest or a monk.〔Vauchez 1993, 64.〕 In the space of one year all five of Raymond's children died, probably of an epidemic.〔''Life'', 22, and note 15.〕 He tried to persuade his wife to abstain from sexual relations so that they could devote themselves more fully to God, but she refused, saying "If I wished to be a nun, I would follow this advice. But since you have married me, it seems right to me to behave like a married woman, not like a widow or a nun".〔Vauchez 1993, 66. The ''vita'' of Raymond is the only high medieval text to delve into the issue of married life and lay sanctity, showing that it was considered difficult for layman to achieve both.〕 She bore him another child, a son named Gerard (Gerardo), whom Raymond secretly dedicated to Saint Brigid in her church at Piacenza.〔''Life'', 24.〕 Shortly after his wife was afflicted with an incurable disease, to which she eventually succumbed, a fact which is treated by his biographer as Providence. Raymond then took vow a celibacy and, leaving Gerard and all his possessions (including his house) with his parents-in-law, left on a series of pilgrimages, which he planned to perform for the rest of his life.〔''Life'', 26.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Raymond the Palmer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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